2 These two studies have been widely cited as a reference for threshold temperatures that will not cause thermal damage to the pulp and tooth-supporting tissue. 1 Regarding alveolar bone or periodontal ligament, the study of Eriksson and Albrektson reported that a temperature increase of 10℃ on the outer root surfaces caused bone resorption and tooth ankylosis. Often cited is Zach and Cohen's in vivo study on monkeys, which reported that an intrapulpal temperature increase of 5.5℃ caused pulpits or pulp necrosis in 15% of irritated teeth. Previous in vivo studies about the range of safe temperatures have reported varied results, indicating that the range of safe temperatures is not accurately known. This concern can be addressed by two questions: (a) "what is the range of safe temperatures that will not cause thermal damage such as inflammation or necrosis to the pulp and tooth-supporting tissue," and (b) "what is the objective extent of the temperature increase during various dental procedures"? However, the question of "to what extent does the temperature increase cause actual damage to the pulp and tooth-supporting tissue?" is difficult to answer. It is commonly believed that various dental procedures, such as tooth preparation, composite resin restoration, and root canal obturation, can cause temperature increases on the teeth surfaces.
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